tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-40945017621431580972024-02-21T05:09:04.175-08:00SitePassThe blog will act as a learning resource for students undertaking the Passive House Design and Construction module on the M.Sc. in Environmental System at the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology and other interested industry stakeholders. The blog is part of a learning space 'SitePass', which is being developed by the Department of Building and Civil Engineering and was funded by NAIRTL.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger49125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-75019808271579668312016-11-01T08:30:00.000-07:002013-02-21T14:04:02.685-08:00About SitePassThe original aim of this blog was to contribute to a collaborative learning space for Passive House Design and Construction in Ireland. It has been funded by the National Academy for the Integration of Research into Teaching and Learning (<a href="http://www.nairtl.ie/">NAIRTL</a>). This is a continusing collaborative effort between the Department of Building and Civil Engineering at the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology and industry partners, <a href="http://www.passivehousebuilder.com/">Passive House Builders</a> and <a href="http://www.mcgannscahill.com/">McGann Scahill Architects</a>.<br />
<br />
I have decided to expand the purpose of the SitePass blog by using it as a learning space for all issues related to future building solutions for a resource efficient society. It still will contain relevant Passive House design and construction posts but will now include the wide range of issues related to future building solutions and resource efficiency.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-9241836824240662132013-02-21T14:07:00.000-08:002013-02-21T14:07:44.308-08:00 A conversation with Daniel Schrag hosted by the Ryan Institute in NUI, Galway<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The </span><a href="http://www.nuigalway.ie/our-research/listings/institute-for-environment-marine-and-energy.html"><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ryan Institute</span></a><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> at NUI, Galway hosted a
‘conversation’ with Professor </span><a href="http://schraglab.unix.fas.harvard.edu/"><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Daniel Schrag</span></a><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, Director of Harvard Centre for the Environment and
member of President Obama’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and </span><a href="http://www.nuigalway.ie/soc/staff/rau_henrike.html"><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dr. Henrike Rau</span></a><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, a lecturer in
Political Science and Sociology at NUI, Galway and leader of the Ryan
Institute’s Socio-Economics and Policy priority research area on Thursday, the
14th of February 2013 in what was a very informative and pragmatic discussion
on the challenges that lie ahead in addressing climate change. Professor Schrag
was in Ireland to attend the Climate Gathering meeting hosted in the Burren College
of Art over the weekend of the 15th to the 17th of February. Proceedings
started with an introduction by Professor Colin Brown , who gave a brief
overview of the activites of the Ryan Institute and introduced Professor Schrag
and Dr. Rau. Professor Schrag then gave an overview of some issues that needed
to be considered when discussing climate change. He outlined three themes that
demonstrated the enormous challenges: the use of short-term versus long-term
targets; the ability to have a sustained political will to address climate
change and how this affects public attitudes and behaviour; the trade-offs to
be made when considering alternative solutions; and the understanding of
uncertainty.</span>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Short-term versus
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<span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Professor Schrag believes that there is too much focus on short-term
targets. This manifests itself in thousands of hours wasted by eminent
scientists and politicians in trying to come up with target figures of 17 or 22
per cent by 2020 or 2030. Whether it is 17 or 22 per cent by 2020 has an
negligible effect on actually moving towards a zero carbon society. This sounds
paradoxical but is framed within a long-view of the effect of carbon emissions
as outlined by Professor David McKay in his excellent book ‘</span><a href="http://www.withouthotair.com/"><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sustainable Energy-without the hot air</span></a><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’. When trying to
identify who is reponsible for climate (and therefore who should pay for it
based on the ‘polluter pays principle’), Professor McKay points out that it is
not the rate of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions that is important but the cumulative
total emissions because much of the emitted carbon dioxide (approximately 30
per cent) will hang around the atmosphere for at least 100 years (Professor
Schrag estimated even longer timeframes). This hightlights the need for us to
‘extend our time horizons’ as suggest by Sir Martin Rees, President of the
Royal Society and master at Trinity College, University of Cambridge in his
article in the fantastic book ‘</span><a href="http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2012/02/14/this-will-make-you-smarter-brockman-edge-question/"><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This will make you
smarter: new scientific concepts to improve your thinking</span></a><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’ edited by John
Brockman. Professor Rees points out no astronomer could believe that we are the
culmination of evolution as it is plausible that we are only at the half-way
stage. Professor Schrag pointed out the difficulty with this long-term view by
suggesting that whatever measures we take today will not make any real measurable
difference until 2113 and beyond. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In response to these comments, Dr. Rau acknowledged Professor Schrag’s
reservations on short-term targets but still felt that they had a role to play in
‘shifting the discourse’. She cited </span><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_300_full_en.pdf"><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2008 Eurobarometer data</span></a><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, which suggests that
people are concerned about climate change (57 per cent respondents ‘concerned’)
but there is not reflected in the percentage of people who are willing to act,
demonstrating that attitudes do not directly influence or inform behaviour.
This directly relates to the next main theme of ‘how to develop a sustained
political will?’</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Developing a sustained
political will to tackle climate change</span></i></div>
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<span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Much of debate around the ethical and moral obligations of humanity in
regard to climate change can be diluted by the language used and how it is
interpretated resulting in the general population engaging with the issues or
distance themselves from the issues and responsibility. Professor Schrag illustrated
this point when discussing the climate change ‘adaptation and preparedness’
approach. The ‘adaptation’ approach would seemed to us to be a practical
intermediate solution based on the acceptance that climate change is happening
and we as a species will need to ‘adapt’ in some way. But put it in the context
of the George W. Bush’s administration, this term defined a strategy of
inaction informed by the belief of whatever is going to happen, we will be able
to ‘adapt’ to it using our human ingenuity, thereby surviving more or less
intact. Interestingly, recent extreme climate events in the US do seem to be
having an influence on general public opinion providing a basis for a political
will. The recent devastation of Hurricane Sandy in New York coupled with severe
droughts throughout the US and the recent blizzards conditions in many states
has come at a great personal and financial cost to a country still trying to
pull itself out of the curent economic downturn. Professor Schrag pointed out
that flood insurance in the US is subsidised by the government as the private
sector do not want to deal with it. This could be seen as subsidising
habitation patterns in areas under threat i.e. coastal communities and cities
but what other choice do they have? An interesting suggestion was that if
buildings are unfortunately affected by flooding and other extreme weather
events, then the rebuilding costs should be provided only if resilient
engineering strategies are implemented. This, then introduces the concept of
‘preparedness’ into these communities and may influence behaviour. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Professor Schrag pointed out that the climate change deniers lobby have
been very clever in associated climate change values to issues of ‘big
government’, increased taxes and the interference in people’s everyday lives.
This is an astute approach as some environmental experts believe that the proof
of President Obama’s commitment to tackle climate change during his inaugural
address will be in the introduction of a carbon tax. Of course, this has to
pass through Congress and President Obama does not control Congress so he does
not have the ability to deliver a carbon tax demonstrating the difficulties
that the President is facing. Despite this, Professor Schrag does believe that
America has a huge role to play in addressing world emission especially when
you consider the rise of China. US emissions are actually down about 9 per cent
to 16 per cent of world emission whereas China continues to increase. If you
put both the countries together, you may come up with around half of all the
world’s emissions. Professor Schrag believes that if America does not do
something to address their emissions, then China will do nothing. Following on
from this, he believes that if America and China did come together and
demonstrated a real willingness to reduce their emissions, then everybody else
would follow including the EU. This may be a parochial view but it is one with
some merit because if you can focus on the the big gains first then smaller
ones should follow with less effort. Of course, this is has a high degree of
complexity as climate change cannot be removed from issues such as global
health, poverty, equality etc. A lot of the political will is currently being
influenced by what alternative technologies are available.</span></div>
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<span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alternative Technologies
and Trade-Offs</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The US has committed to provide 3000 GigaWatts of new electrification with
increased efficiency over the next 30 years. Professor Schrag points out that
this is a very ambitious target considering that 106 GigaWatts of power in US
is currently provided by nuclear energy, which is due to be exhausted by the
middle of the century. He mentioned the electrification of the transportation
sector as a plausible solution if technology improve considerably with some
potential in fuel cell technology. In fact, he believes the path to a zero
carbon economy will not be a steady progression and expects certain technology
peaks to occur. The coal industry in the US is coming under increasing pressure
from alternative technologies such as fracking and shale gas extraction. This
can be seen in the provision of electricity from coal-fired plants dropping
from approximately 50 per cent five years ago to 38 per cent today. His
discussion on </span><a href="http://schraglab.unix.fas.harvard.edu/publications/128_Schrag.pdf"><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">fracking and shale gas
extraction</span></a><span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> was an interesting one as it focused more on public perception than the
technologies involved. Professor Schrag accepted that the extractive process is
a ‘dirty’ one but gave the example of Texas, where fracking has been taking
place for the past decade without any complaint. This is due to the fact that
Texans are used to the extractive industries. Fracking only hit problems when
it moved to areas that were not familiar with these processes, which in turn,
generated a groundswell of opposition against such technologies, which has now
developed internationally. In Professor Schrag’s opinion, it does provide an
alternative ‘cleaner’ option than traditiona coal-fired plants. This is
interesting considering the Irish situation, where the extraction of shale gas
would not be replacing coal-fired plants but would be replacing imported gas.
So it will be gas replacing gas, so it is not really providing a ‘cleaner’
alternative especially when you consider the environmental impacts of the
extractive process. But then a comparative analysis of the economic benefits
must be carried out to identify the potential trade-offs. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="GA" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: GA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This was a theme running throughout the discussion, that Professor Schrag
took a very pragmatic view of potential solutions and nearly always grounded
them in economic terms. Other alternative technologies mentioned were carbon
capture and storage, a ‘clean’ nuclear solution (if one exists), the use of
solar technology especially photovoltaics, which have seen a dramatic drop in
cost over the past five years moving it towards being a viable alternative.
Returning to the issue of target timelines, one of the reasons Professor Schrag
is not a huge fan of short-term targets is that they distract attention (and
funding) away from technological solutions that need huge investment to achieve
long-term goals e.g. carbon capture and storage. </span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-35202422365618062472012-10-25T01:57:00.000-07:002012-10-25T01:57:53.253-07:00'Fabric First' Training Day with Ecological Building SystemsWe had a great day up in Athboy yesterday when the students from the <a href="http://www.gmit.ie/engineering/msc-environmental-systems.html" target="_blank">M.Sc. in Environmental Systems</a> in GMIT attended the '<a href="http://www.ecologicalbuildingsystems.com/workspace/downloads/Training-programme-5.pdf" target="_blank">Fabric First</a>' training day with <a href="http://www.ecologicalbuildingsystems.com/" target="_blank">Ecological Building Systems</a>. Many thanks to <a href="http://ie.linkedin.com/pub/niall-crosson/1b/412/6a" target="_blank">Niall</a> and <a href="http://ie.linkedin.com/pub/roman-szypura/20/8b6/41a/en" target="_blank">Roman</a> for an excellent day of presentations and practical work (photographs below show Niall and Roman demonstrating different aspects to the students yesterday).<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKvmDckwBxUtmsiV0sJJLMlm65bwTfS2bNTWbQckkte4hrHyRZgNRSPgg-aluUUnJjW13EZFI6KHmCIGAKFPnSOfDzvUCI6owJ2no2Av0p0ppkTSrcqKopnfP1n8dbEIAaTM5gajfB9JAE/s1600/Roman+demonstrating+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKvmDckwBxUtmsiV0sJJLMlm65bwTfS2bNTWbQckkte4hrHyRZgNRSPgg-aluUUnJjW13EZFI6KHmCIGAKFPnSOfDzvUCI6owJ2no2Av0p0ppkTSrcqKopnfP1n8dbEIAaTM5gajfB9JAE/s320/Roman+demonstrating+2.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Roman demonstrated in the Airtightness Demonstration Area</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFvSmSdq3K2BHn_Sc_3wCc_-NUVG2zfYpMvFS26NPdFsCz0vxPdnZHg3uiNka_u3uEa9TP4cDr4I6WbQc22yaeV6_sLqJJTvTbjr-DNUJfmo2G0QVIvH8-tvTORFoJ1QR-T8eWez5c-hAp/s1600/Niall+demonstrating+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFvSmSdq3K2BHn_Sc_3wCc_-NUVG2zfYpMvFS26NPdFsCz0vxPdnZHg3uiNka_u3uEa9TP4cDr4I6WbQc22yaeV6_sLqJJTvTbjr-DNUJfmo2G0QVIvH8-tvTORFoJ1QR-T8eWez5c-hAp/s320/Niall+demonstrating+2.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Niall giving some tips on selection of insulation strategies</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvd6rr1riKYucuIOyR0652dyxhyphenhyphenNNsYIkVGpuy02ccrOzxneJCyxHh3CM6U1N63KYzpMzEtWx3mZ6L9nMk8HyqymrFPFEZRlFGK1GnyyrZ2MjhlfTQc8ulrIQZX642h3FA9aUP_1RAV3ez/s1600/Niall+demonstrating+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvd6rr1riKYucuIOyR0652dyxhyphenhyphenNNsYIkVGpuy02ccrOzxneJCyxHh3CM6U1N63KYzpMzEtWx3mZ6L9nMk8HyqymrFPFEZRlFGK1GnyyrZ2MjhlfTQc8ulrIQZX642h3FA9aUP_1RAV3ez/s320/Niall+demonstrating+1.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Niall demonstrates some considerations in more difficult applications</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis0jmwTLjmul70BmYTDukM_ARnazUqMTvscAOp08kbAxjyfllf0HP0wwk25IyihDusPuq5HNP07v6D7cdt-0K2oMaYOnodxTi8yaLhqT37r9UIMslOu_5CIg20C2h406yXdQSIZxwdb3W1/s1600/Roman+demonstrating+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis0jmwTLjmul70BmYTDukM_ARnazUqMTvscAOp08kbAxjyfllf0HP0wwk25IyihDusPuq5HNP07v6D7cdt-0K2oMaYOnodxTi8yaLhqT37r9UIMslOu_5CIg20C2h406yXdQSIZxwdb3W1/s320/Roman+demonstrating+1.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Roman highlighting the importance of accuracy when installing airtightness membranes</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Ecological Building Systems continue to be at the forefront of knowledge in the area of airtightness and thermal insulation and their training facility is a fantastic resource for anyone involved in the construction sector. The course is highly recommended and provides a mix of interesting presentations on the different aspects of low energy building fabric design, personal experiences and lessons learned from completed and ongoing project and demonstrations of practical work in the training centre (photographs below show some of the details on show in the training centre).<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0i4akrKP53bmO0hNBho4IJSXqGE4ayC7R7Y-A5w5K-2sURFTYZ52KSbpCuDGUA4Jubt_J0pBDHjxXlYZhy-tYRneU3lHpOToEjKTfGCXUJlq8cFRGK-xx_Jh54L7GqxsHNornyPxG8xa7/s1600/Airtightness+Demonstration+Area.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0i4akrKP53bmO0hNBho4IJSXqGE4ayC7R7Y-A5w5K-2sURFTYZ52KSbpCuDGUA4Jubt_J0pBDHjxXlYZhy-tYRneU3lHpOToEjKTfGCXUJlq8cFRGK-xx_Jh54L7GqxsHNornyPxG8xa7/s320/Airtightness+Demonstration+Area.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Airtightness membrane application demonstration area</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj01nEKh3AijaWcuZThN3uNslqJOUBhssdzTnEz19dr_ySgzo_a1zFT-Yrgj_y5hoSjoCm_6-bF2iBjlp3OXZ8JYqT9nIFx4SfnW0LEKcYPyPI5vVXddfBIHCIjQrn82g3ePbev2huzL8B-/s1600/Eco+Passive+Wall+Detail.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj01nEKh3AijaWcuZThN3uNslqJOUBhssdzTnEz19dr_ySgzo_a1zFT-Yrgj_y5hoSjoCm_6-bF2iBjlp3OXZ8JYqT9nIFx4SfnW0LEKcYPyPI5vVXddfBIHCIjQrn82g3ePbev2huzL8B-/s320/Eco+Passive+Wall+Detail.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Passive Eco Wall Detail</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGFx0nfxhqMrmduqAUhneVAG0kIdFvTEeDeiwupIf9CskQ9oGzR6m1uNKuHJUtKv0Y2WsGRUQi4NP0vc0-sXyskRTt9XVxGgoKVO2oZEfUJDRzc4cI8gN1Aw9rNjZqBKwCOEYjW18Y7o-t/s1600/Model+House+for+WinCom+Testings.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGFx0nfxhqMrmduqAUhneVAG0kIdFvTEeDeiwupIf9CskQ9oGzR6m1uNKuHJUtKv0Y2WsGRUQi4NP0vc0-sXyskRTt9XVxGgoKVO2oZEfUJDRzc4cI8gN1Aw9rNjZqBKwCOEYjW18Y7o-t/s320/Model+House+for+WinCom+Testings.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>WinCon Model House</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-6602606829533519902011-12-20T14:03:00.000-08:002011-12-20T14:03:11.645-08:00Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation Systems, Design Workshop and Certification ProceduresTo finish up the module this semester, I would like to thank David McHugh from <a href="http://www.proair.ie/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70&Itemid=220" target="_blank">ProAir</a>, who gave a very informative talk on mechanical heat recovery ventilation systems to the M.Sc. class and Year 4 of the B.Sc. in Architectural Technology. <a href="http://passipedia.passiv.de/passipedia_en/planning/building_services" target="_blank">Passipedia</a> again provides an excellent starting point when examining the ventilation and heating requirements of a passive house. Some key points when considering the design and installation of a mechanical heat recovery ventilation systems are: 75% minimum efficiency requirement; total ventilation electricity demand to be not greater than 0.4Wh/m3; uncertified (by the Passive Institute) HRV system must take 12% off the product efficiency figure. The latest video produced by Energy Quarter on HRV systems in passive houses seems to have been taken down off YouTube but I will post it as soon as it becomes available.<br />
<br />
Also, many thanks to <a href="http://www.spellman.ie/" target="_blank">Cathal Spellman</a> of <a href="http://passivehouseplans.ie/">passivehouseplans.ie</a><a href="http://www.passivehouseplans.ie/" target="_blank"></a> for coming in and hosting the design workshop where the students had the opportunity to discuss their project proposals. Cathal gave a clear outline of the reasons he decided to branch into the area of passive house and how this has created some new business for the company. <br />
<br />
Finally, some information on the procedures for applying for certification are provided by the wonderful resource that is <a href="http://passipedia.passiv.de/passipedia_en/certification" target="_blank">Passipedia</a>. <br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-11399305119880712352011-12-06T10:04:00.000-08:002011-12-06T10:04:15.228-08:00Week 10 Pecha Kucha and Poster Presentation for next weekIn preparation for both the Pecha Kucha session and your poster presentation, have a look at the following resources: NUI, Galway have put together a nice <a href="http://www.nuigalway.ie/remedi/poster/index.html" target="_blank">site</a> providing design tips for poster presentations including some useful <a href="http://www.youtube.com/NUIGGrad" target="_blank">videos</a>; Colin Purrington's <a href="http://colinpurrington.com/tips/academic/posterdesign" target="_blank">section</a> on poster design has a number of good tips and links; the Cornell Centre for Materials Research have some good points in this<a href="http://www.cns.cornell.edu/documents/ScientificPosters.pdf" target="_blank"> presentation</a> although I would not worry about picking a software program as PowerPoint should do fine. Have a look at the following videos for some useful guidance but remember that we want an <b>A0 poster in portrait not landscape.</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/m02leV4gxgE?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/MqgjgwIXadA?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> For the Pecha Kucha, remember what I said in class...practice makes perfect. Have a look at the <a href="http://www.pecha-kucha.org/" target="_blank">homepage</a> to browse through some of the resources available. We might even video you next week if you are really good. The main aim is to have a bit of fun but also to avoid 'Death by PowerPoint' as the following videos demonstrate.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/lpvgfmEU2Ck?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/KbSPPFYxx3o?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-72596646593105740422011-11-29T07:43:00.000-08:002011-11-29T07:43:39.547-08:00Week 9 Blog Assignment 2 - Case StudiesThis week, the students were assigned their second blog assignment, which is to provide a critical review of a passive house built anywhere in the world. We have a number of case studies from last years class including:<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://colmanhandspassive.blogspot.com/2011/03/estate-of-passive-houses-in-wiesbaden.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">An Estate in Hannover Kronsberg </a></li>
<li><a href="http://davehpassive.blogspot.com/2011/03/denby-dale-passive-house.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">The Denby Dale Passive House</a></li>
<li><a href="http://passivedob.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2011-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2012-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=2" target="_blank">The Smith House in Urbana, Illinois </a></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://lisalisaqspassive.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Eco Arch House in Kent</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Another link to the <a href="http://decpassive.blogspot.com/2011/03/passive-house-case-study-hannover.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">Estate in Hannover Kronsberg</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://ssirrpassivehouse.blogspot.com/2011/03/passive-house-retrofit-design-case.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">Glencullen, Co. Wicklow</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://eoinpassive.blogspot.com/2011/02/underhill-stealth-house.html" target="_blank">The Underhill Passive House in the Cotswolds</a></span></li>
<li><a href="http://shanekellypass.blogspot.com/2011/03/case-study-blog-assignment-1.html?spref=tw" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Passive House in </span>Bessancourt, France </a></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://lukehandspassive.blogspot.com/2011/02/bla-jungfrun-sweden.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">Bla Jungfrun in Stockhold, Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://martinkeanepass.blogspot.com/2011/02/belfast-passive-house-construction.html?spref=tw" target="_blank">The Go Passive House in Maine </a> </span></li>
</ul><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">So this year, the students will produce another set of passive house case studies. The passive house <a href="http://www.passivhausprojekte.de/projekte.php?lang=en" target="_blank">database</a> is a good starting point. </span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-17733297452311110502011-11-28T15:47:00.000-08:002011-11-29T07:22:11.001-08:00Week 9 Blog AssignmentsThe students submitted the following blog assignments on various articles related to the passive house concept:<br />
<ul><li>Shay blogged on <a href="http://shaywalsh.blogspot.com/2011/11/assignment-no-1-passive-houses.html?spref=tw" target="_blank"><i>Passive House: Achievable Concepts for Low Carbon Housing</i></a></li>
<li>Jan blogged on <a href="http://passivejangmit.blogspot.com/2011/10/detailed-energy-saving-performance.html?spref=tw" target="_blank"><i>Detailed Energy Saving Performance Analyses on Thermal Mass Walls</i></a></li>
<li>Kevin blogged on the <a href="http://passivekevin.blogspot.com/2011/11/study-of-primary-energy-implication-of.html" target="_blank"><i>Study of Primary Energy Implications of Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery in Residential Buildings</i></a></li>
<li>Anthony blogged on the <a href="http://anthonyppassive.blogspot.com/2011/11/performance-characteristics-and.html?spref=tw" target="_blank"><i>Performance Characteristics and Practical Applications of Common Building Thermal Insulation Materials</i></a></li>
<li>Eimear blogged on <a href="http://passiveimearhassett.blogspot.com/2011/11/traditional-state-of-art-and-future_17.html" target="_blank"><i>Traditional, State-of-the-Art and Future Thermal Building Insulation Materials and Solutions - Properties, Requirements and Possibilities</i></a></li>
<li>John blogged on <a href="http://passivejohn.blogspot.com/2011/11/cepheus-measurement-results-from-more.html?spref=tw" target="_blank"><i>CEPHEUS and the measurement results from more than 100 units in passive houses</i></a></li>
<li>Kieran blogged on the <a href="http://kieranmcpassiv.blogspot.com/2011/11/environmental-impact-of-optimum.html?spref=tw" target="_blank"><i>Environmental Impact of Optimum Insulation Thickness for External Walls of Buildings</i></a></li>
<li>Henrik blogged on <a href="http://hpassberg.blogspot.com/2011/10/critical-review-of-paper-on-co2.html" target="_blank"><i>Embodied and Operational Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Housin</i>g</a></li>
<li>Diarmuid blogged on the <a href="http://doceidighpassivehouse.blogspot.com/2011/11/impact-of-thermal-bypass.html?spref=tw" target="_blank"><i>Impact of Thermal Bypass</i></a><br />
</li>
</ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-78168263315919369352011-11-22T03:17:00.000-08:002011-11-22T03:17:53.114-08:00Week 8 Passive House Windows and Doors PreziHere is the Prezi version of today's lecture. Check Moodle for details on a virtual webinar that is taking place this evening on 'Designing Plant for Passive House', which should be worth a look.<br />
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<object id="prezi_dfd73bfa2c7426b432419a7419ff6cdefdf879d8" name="prezi_dfd73bfa2c7426b432419a7419ff6cdefdf879d8" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" width="550" height="400"><param name="movie" value="http://prezi.com/bin/preziloader.swf"/><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"/><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"/><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"/><param name="flashvars" value="prezi_id=dfd73bfa2c7426b432419a7419ff6cdefdf879d8&lock_to_path=0&color=ffffff&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0"/><embed id="preziEmbed_dfd73bfa2c7426b432419a7419ff6cdefdf879d8" name="preziEmbed_dfd73bfa2c7426b432419a7419ff6cdefdf879d8" src="http://prezi.com/bin/preziloader.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="550" height="400" bgcolor="#ffffff" flashvars="prezi_id=dfd73bfa2c7426b432419a7419ff6cdefdf879d8&lock_to_path=0&color=ffffff&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0"></embed></object>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-61138863835788712912011-11-20T08:32:00.000-08:002011-11-20T08:32:21.164-08:00Week 8 Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation Systems Pre-Lecture ResourcesUnfortunately, David McHugh of<a href="http://www.proair.ie/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70&Itemid=220" target="_blank"> ProAir</a> will not be able to make it in this week but is hoping to make it in next week. This will give us an opportunity to go through the basics of passive windows and doors and heat recovery ventilation systems in class. Have a look at my previous<a href="http://passivesite.blogspot.com/search/label/Passive%20Windows%20and%20Doors" target="_blank"> post</a> to refresh your memory on passive windows and doors. Last week, we did mention <a href="http://passivesite.blogspot.com/search/label/Blower%20Door%20Testing" target="_blank">blower door testing</a> during <a href="http://www.siga.ch/Home.20.0.html?&no_cache=1&L=1" target="_blank">Tom O'Dwyer's</a> guest lecture. Passipedia has an excellent <a href="http://passipedia.passiv.de/passipedia_en/planning/building_services/ventilation/basics/types_of_ventilation" target="_blank">section</a> on ventilation and why it recommends the exhaust fan system. Michael Hayes of RVR Technology provides a nice introduction to mechanical heat recovery ventilation systems in the videos below.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/XxkuSY0S7eg?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">And check out Bill Butcher's discussion the their selected ventilation system on the Denby Dale Project.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/yIRvLxkfZh8?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">We will have the opportunity to listen to another guest speaker on Tuesday because <a href="http://constructireland.ie/articles/0210GMIT.php" target="_blank">Aidan Malone</a> will be giving a talk to the 4th-year <a href="http://www.gmit.ie/engineering/building-civil/level-8-programmes/bsc-arch-tech-hons.html" target="_blank">architectural students </a>on the design and sustainability strategy of the <a href="http://www.acei.ie/innovation_award.asp" target="_blank">GMIT library</a> in 1041 at 12.30 followed by a tour of the library and we have been invited to tag along. </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-52327405693826182792011-11-15T07:35:00.000-08:002011-11-15T07:35:19.492-08:00Week 7 Airtightness Post Guest Lecture ResourcesMany thanks to Tom O'Dwyer (in the photographs below) from <a href="http://www.siga.ch/Home.20.0.html?&no_cache=1&L=1" target="_blank">SIGA</a> who gave an excellent talk and demonstration of airtightness considerations when using different construction methods and materials to the<a href="http://www.gmit.ie/engineering/msc-environmental-systems.html" target="_blank"> M.Sc.</a> students and <a href="http://www.gmit.ie/engineering/building-civil/level-8-programmes/bsc-arch-tech-hons.html" target="_blank">final-year</a> Architecture students.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS9b9RKVrQjW9HdfR-4_Xpoi68xrVcqOHJgGMG5C99mqPo6oTHdgrgOIMTtQAZQvO-9MoHMgg9J8RspigNbaU2j-8q4dE7F5UM7j_4lflQwovWWqeDV7U4w2G_Kmu2vMJ-bAb_hT2ckA5l/s1600/DSCN1105.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS9b9RKVrQjW9HdfR-4_Xpoi68xrVcqOHJgGMG5C99mqPo6oTHdgrgOIMTtQAZQvO-9MoHMgg9J8RspigNbaU2j-8q4dE7F5UM7j_4lflQwovWWqeDV7U4w2G_Kmu2vMJ-bAb_hT2ckA5l/s320/DSCN1105.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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</div>Please refer to my previous <a href="http://passivesite.blogspot.com/2011/11/week-7-passive-house-airtightness-and.html" target="_blank">blog post</a> for some more detailed information on airtightness and SIGA products. Have a look at this <a href="http://airtightnesstesting.ie/attachments/article/51/Air%20Tightness%20in%20Passive%20Houses.pdf" target="_blank">article</a> which discusses the importance of airtightness from a Passive House point of view. The Energy Saving Trust in the UK have produced nice <a href="http://airtightnesstesting.ie/attachments/article/51/Improving_airtightness.pdf" target="_blank">guidelines</a> on improving airtightness in dwellings that is worth a look and of course our own Department of the Environment, Local Community and Government has produced a document on air <a href="http://airtightnesstesting.ie/attachments/article/51/Limiting%20Thermal%20Bridging%20and%20Air%20Infiltration.pdf" target="_blank">infiltration</a> and thermal bridging as a supplement to the Building Regulations. Gavin O'Shea of <a href="http://www.greenbuild.ie/index.htm" target="_blank">GreenBuild</a> has also produced an excellent <a href="http://www.greenbuild.ie/PassiveHouseBlowerDoorTesting.pdf" target="_blank">document</a> on blower door testing for passive houses. See below the video shown in class on how to carry out a blower door test.<br />
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-62284633919910495582011-11-12T09:58:00.000-08:002011-11-12T09:58:35.271-08:00Week 7 Passive House Airtightness and Windows Pre-Lecture ResourcesI am really looking forward to having two guest lectures in this week: Tom O'Dwyer from <a href="http://www.siga.ch/Home.20.0.html?&no_cache=1&L=1" target="_blank">SIGA</a> and Thomas O'Reilly from<a href="http://www.smartwin.ie/index.html" target="_blank"> SmartWin</a>. SIGA have a host of resources on their website including a dedicated <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/SIGAServicesAG" target="_blank">YouTube channel</a>. I especially like the comic they produced '<a href="http://www.siga.ch/uploads/media/KM5499_Comic_en_01.pdf" target="_blank"><i>Building Damage Horror..and how to prevent it</i></a>'. They have also developed a '<a href="http://www.siga.ch/Construction-feature-and-SIGA.156.0.html?&L=1" target="_blank"><i>construction feature</i></a>' section where you can click into different applications that will link the product information to installation videos. SIGA were recently involved in the construction of the <a href="http://www.advantageaustria.org/ie/news/local/20111017-Double-first-for-Irish-Rail-with-to-two-key-.en.jsp" target="_blank">Irish Rail Train Drivers Building</a> in Portlaoise. SmartWin have recently received their passive <a href="http://www.smartwin.ie/_pdf/SmartWin%20PHI%20Cert.pdf" target="_blank">certification</a> for their window products. For more information on Passive Windows check out <a href="http://passipedia.passiv.de/passipedia_en/planning/thermal_protection/windows" target="_blank">Passipedia</a> and the videos developed by Energyquarter in Ireland and the Green Building Store in the UK.<br />
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The 3D detail was produced by Gerard Nicholson as part of a<a href="http://passivesite.blogspot.com/search/label/Student%20Competition%202011" target="_blank"> REVIT Summer Competition</a> in GMIT.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-91921385819489327542011-11-10T07:37:00.000-08:002011-11-10T07:37:53.798-08:00Week 6 Site Visit to Timbertech Homes and Ecological Building SystemsYesterday, we had a fantastic day out visiting a <a href="http://www.timbertechhomes.ie/" target="_blank">Timbertech Homes</a> development in Straffan, Co. Kildare and <a href="http://www.ecologicalbuildingsystems.com/" target="_blank">Ecological Building Systems</a> in Athboy, Co. Meath. Fergal O'Malley of Timbertech Homes gave us an excellent talk and tour of a timber frame house development consisting of 3 different house types (photographs 1 & 2). He highlighted the main considerations that were taken into account when aiming for low energy construction on a competitive budget.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXh0JSmU9GOBIWGoziZD-RrthuycvdD1i02vNLGxwNBrBCHbhd1Ry34HzRi_aEdGjvNgc6XCSSIaXu46rdZ7jqIMVTxDB78FeFSCLYrEORjXD8MJSYLuKcZwur-yWgLr2fYBHxTP8jatPW/s1600/Fergal+Talk+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXh0JSmU9GOBIWGoziZD-RrthuycvdD1i02vNLGxwNBrBCHbhd1Ry34HzRi_aEdGjvNgc6XCSSIaXu46rdZ7jqIMVTxDB78FeFSCLYrEORjXD8MJSYLuKcZwur-yWgLr2fYBHxTP8jatPW/s320/Fergal+Talk+1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT3ojTk5YBCfa6Tx0RmUVUjDt4YfJTNSUs-hsQw8yaIMu_2GxnTn7Hmx1uQo0QmcaHjleRjFZkNxHAnhxUBZ0cT0-38LGlq7dJJexL8nxe8XYugxuMBDC426L127VgG7Us_cK5AtB2gfui/s1600/Fergal+Talk+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT3ojTk5YBCfa6Tx0RmUVUjDt4YfJTNSUs-hsQw8yaIMu_2GxnTn7Hmx1uQo0QmcaHjleRjFZkNxHAnhxUBZ0cT0-38LGlq7dJJexL8nxe8XYugxuMBDC426L127VgG7Us_cK5AtB2gfui/s320/Fergal+Talk+2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><b>Photographs 1 and 2 Fergal O'Malley giving his talk to the M.Sc. Environmental System students</b><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div> Fergal was ably assisted by Peter Smyth of Ecological Building Systems who came out to the site to discuss the importance of airtightness on site and discuss some of the airtight details that were used on this project (Photographs 3, 4 and 5).<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdO8WUfEJ9XEcYFT4wWfQMfEYzhEp-bNvY-rUwEDig1WTmup4eaUCl_31Lp3fGFD_TY7b7TCeg1p5JHAZlsk3APhhuvQxjprOBnTNzd_xJN3Sd0f7-V-ndEAAmxdwHlP8vmVbdOWtUJKyM/s1600/Airtight+Details+on+Site+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdO8WUfEJ9XEcYFT4wWfQMfEYzhEp-bNvY-rUwEDig1WTmup4eaUCl_31Lp3fGFD_TY7b7TCeg1p5JHAZlsk3APhhuvQxjprOBnTNzd_xJN3Sd0f7-V-ndEAAmxdwHlP8vmVbdOWtUJKyM/s320/Airtight+Details+on+Site+1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZO7G3gynfHdjo7i6XlFC2P2XaJ9NWdGU-I-k2mxS4vjO9sLrCzao2C8ebx7goKUsduFZRaGTPVQk2UotHcic0x9tqvt1yen-QT0qWS-JBZUHAbMzvPPVWToL9ljRH0CmSr70MWRamUT7O/s1600/Airtight+detail+on+site+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZO7G3gynfHdjo7i6XlFC2P2XaJ9NWdGU-I-k2mxS4vjO9sLrCzao2C8ebx7goKUsduFZRaGTPVQk2UotHcic0x9tqvt1yen-QT0qWS-JBZUHAbMzvPPVWToL9ljRH0CmSr70MWRamUT7O/s320/Airtight+detail+on+site+2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDQS9_XiWD5DON3QstDYip464wSl_wr82XZYEBzsh4bS8roheeHAswGqzp75TEoEKA9kt9E5tyozi8WnBBgKmavT0zBiuTTYJ_bgVWHkBksiNOpm1zL7WHGfibvpX64rWeayJTquJWs2M/s1600/Airtight+detail+around+velux+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDQS9_XiWD5DON3QstDYip464wSl_wr82XZYEBzsh4bS8roheeHAswGqzp75TEoEKA9kt9E5tyozi8WnBBgKmavT0zBiuTTYJ_bgVWHkBksiNOpm1zL7WHGfibvpX64rWeayJTquJWs2M/s320/Airtight+detail+around+velux+1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;"></div><b>Photographs 3, 4, 5 Airtightness detailing on Timbertech Homes Development</b><br />
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This site visit was followed up by a visit to Ecological Building Systems new training centre, which is a fantastic addition to the knowledge base in Ireland. The centre is still under construction and is due for its official launch in the new year but we got a sneak preview. <a href="http://www.igbc.ie/c5/about/board/crossan/" target="_blank">Niall Crossan</a>, as always (photograph 6) gave us and excellent overview of the different materials and building systems currently available, particularly focusing on airtightness, thermal performance and the control of moisture both in new building and refurbishment projects. <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY5zrMcBsU3afrwAIkUYLo3j0WblCudftkQabVYAShNiYod59PLRLy4OeVIiME0YyK82wUPmg1Laivpm3EMkVlbriOmCG3N0vtqhsbw-OMVgYW8EyvxYLHNhNjgBjzBPEmbG1AiUSR5Ktv/s1600/Niall+Talk+3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY5zrMcBsU3afrwAIkUYLo3j0WblCudftkQabVYAShNiYod59PLRLy4OeVIiME0YyK82wUPmg1Laivpm3EMkVlbriOmCG3N0vtqhsbw-OMVgYW8EyvxYLHNhNjgBjzBPEmbG1AiUSR5Ktv/s320/Niall+Talk+3.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><b>Photograph 6 Niall Crossan of Ecological Building Systems giving his talk to the M.Sc. students</b><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">The learning centre has an excellent array of large (photographs 7 and 8) and small detail sections (photographs 9 and 10) as well as a fully kitted house to demonstrate a preliminary airtightness test using the Wincon apparatus (photographs 11 and 12). </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOjfr_O0ReAKInm_wWzevufAH2kvCpEbO0tEI2-amcIKyI5hLYElPJy1by8yFwDrvXIYGYZwleN_xlWXHBBwCD64DFrU9BVFu3nqmN_WJT-09WPmqPnVapFx1o9RUXrKLcPGGQZwSd__WF/s1600/Passive+Eco+Wall.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOjfr_O0ReAKInm_wWzevufAH2kvCpEbO0tEI2-amcIKyI5hLYElPJy1by8yFwDrvXIYGYZwleN_xlWXHBBwCD64DFrU9BVFu3nqmN_WJT-09WPmqPnVapFx1o9RUXrKLcPGGQZwSd__WF/s320/Passive+Eco+Wall.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDmW3KNRlAZGAE_9Sv27rpgvC9sd1AdrOeV-QhVFjHdcsLpGOgmWtUzPMGwvqX7k5IMdDLft63l8B32NWXjJRiio8W5mMUCRB1iC6Q8T5_NoN_cK4y9OHtYueRP3STmJRule7G0XollbSf/s1600/Large+Sections+3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDmW3KNRlAZGAE_9Sv27rpgvC9sd1AdrOeV-QhVFjHdcsLpGOgmWtUzPMGwvqX7k5IMdDLft63l8B32NWXjJRiio8W5mMUCRB1iC6Q8T5_NoN_cK4y9OHtYueRP3STmJRule7G0XollbSf/s320/Large+Sections+3.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Photographs 7 and 8 showing the large detail sections on show in the Ecological Building Systems Training Centre</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibh5gF-CrB8-M04UGjKBpspuM-26VFu88PAGMKAKIsfgQ-R7MQaowMJUHmHv3juMSRSjyVwX6ewhGQzCMVjMStYDteWttwwpqJ7FF-zPdYUar-PjMHDfZ8SpULrkagOAScENwX2DqgzPzc/s1600/Small+samples+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibh5gF-CrB8-M04UGjKBpspuM-26VFu88PAGMKAKIsfgQ-R7MQaowMJUHmHv3juMSRSjyVwX6ewhGQzCMVjMStYDteWttwwpqJ7FF-zPdYUar-PjMHDfZ8SpULrkagOAScENwX2DqgzPzc/s320/Small+samples+1.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzbWLiYhc-BaT74dAkntecbBSd19OMzl_BS_gZmuPHaNqO3eF7lQcW121UD5M30RaIBPn9q7Bdv3-Rx5_bTntByFPS-D3YaXTK35eBQzcrWOtWaf691XAkQOZExARw-OMsjuSa1-hH97LB/s1600/Small+samples+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzbWLiYhc-BaT74dAkntecbBSd19OMzl_BS_gZmuPHaNqO3eF7lQcW121UD5M30RaIBPn9q7Bdv3-Rx5_bTntByFPS-D3YaXTK35eBQzcrWOtWaf691XAkQOZExARw-OMsjuSa1-hH97LB/s320/Small+samples+2.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b> </b></div><b>Photographs 9 and 10 showing the small detail sections on show in the Ecological Building Systems Training Centre</b><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFMn436FTMQ4ASST8CdZLJgj5JEUXafB71sSCVBplEQawoNZMVAKnstN4f1sU-gE7gBKYBC3ccAoKDrkpznmx_nrJjwCHU01gr7UfBx7orIoppHRv1RmCu1uG3ak4tByjmDuhyphenhyphenMlZa9P0X/s1600/Wincon+House.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFMn436FTMQ4ASST8CdZLJgj5JEUXafB71sSCVBplEQawoNZMVAKnstN4f1sU-gE7gBKYBC3ccAoKDrkpznmx_nrJjwCHU01gr7UfBx7orIoppHRv1RmCu1uG3ak4tByjmDuhyphenhyphenMlZa9P0X/s320/Wincon+House.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFL61sgmS7adzikcPIZMT9t-ZNYTegzfl6yy1mgT0X-Or-NlW-uyuBxp9Qyq954ianGIlTOGiBe_oWY8wunQw5GFs0K2s9L0X1dr37hr0icX0rtU9_6y6BjXgvJkekaaIsWlwQtzkhjWbR/s1600/Wincon+external.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFL61sgmS7adzikcPIZMT9t-ZNYTegzfl6yy1mgT0X-Or-NlW-uyuBxp9Qyq954ianGIlTOGiBe_oWY8wunQw5GFs0K2s9L0X1dr37hr0icX0rtU9_6y6BjXgvJkekaaIsWlwQtzkhjWbR/s320/Wincon+external.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Photographs 11 and 12 showing the Wincon House</b><b> </b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="text-align: left;">All-in-all, it was a great day out for all the students. Many thanks to Fergal, Peter and Niall for all their help.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-61655200445154081512011-11-07T03:48:00.000-08:002011-11-07T03:48:13.983-08:00International Passive House Open Days 2011This week is International Passive House Open Day week, where passive houses across the world open their doors to the general public. I am delighted to report that there are a number of <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/news?viewArticle=&articleID=889596951&gid=2163729&type=member&item=78853167&articleURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Ephai%2Eie%2F%3Fpage_id%3D177&urlhash=bPxe&goback=%2Egde_2163729_member_78853167" target="_blank">houses</a> open around Ireland. Cyril Mannion of Passive House Builders is hosting an open day on Saturday the 12th of November at two of his projects, in<a href="http://www.passivehousebuilder.com/site/open-house-2011.html" target="_blank"> Athenry and Salthill</a>. Both are well worth a look.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-29883690579618791262011-11-07T03:36:00.000-08:002011-11-07T03:36:50.722-08:00Week 6 Airtightness and Thermal Imaging Pre-Lecture ResourcesIn preparation to our site visit to <a href="http://www.timbertechhomes.ie/index.php">Timbertech Homes Ltd.</a> and <a href="http://www.ecologicalbuildingsystems.com/" target="_blank">Ecological Building Systems</a> on Wednesday, please have a look at the previous <a href="http://passivesite.blogspot.com/search/label/Airtightness" target="_blank">posts</a> on airtightness from earlier in the module and from last year's visit by Peter Smyth of Ecological Building Systems. Also, Passipedia has a nice concise section on<a href="http://passipedia.passiv.de/passipedia_en/planning/airtight_construction" target="_blank"> airtight construction</a>. This <a href="http://airtightnesstesting.ie/attachments/article/51/Air%20Tightness%20in%20Passive%20Houses.pdf" target="_blank">article</a> also gives a detailed overview of airtight construction and testing and don't forget the <a href="http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/DevelopmentandHousing/BuildingStandards/FileDownLoad,18749,en.pdf" target="_blank">guidelines</a> issued by the Department of the Environment, Communities and Local Government. Energyquarter have also put together a nice two-minute video of the basic principles involved starring Niall Crossan of Ecological Building Systems.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/K7PK6bA3a74?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-67236686594498568802011-10-25T11:20:00.000-07:002011-10-25T11:20:17.287-07:00Week 5 External Walls and Roof Systems Post-Lecture ResourcesHere the Prezi version of the lecture today. Enjoy!<br />
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<object id="prezi_645c6191a159dc40eec81961d3a37dd3fa86f20f" name="prezi_645c6191a159dc40eec81961d3a37dd3fa86f20f" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" width="550" height="400"><param name="movie" value="http://prezi.com/bin/preziloader.swf"/><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"/><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"/><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"/><param name="flashvars" value="prezi_id=645c6191a159dc40eec81961d3a37dd3fa86f20f&lock_to_path=0&color=ffffff&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0"/><embed id="preziEmbed_645c6191a159dc40eec81961d3a37dd3fa86f20f" name="preziEmbed_645c6191a159dc40eec81961d3a37dd3fa86f20f" src="http://prezi.com/bin/preziloader.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="550" height="400" bgcolor="#ffffff" flashvars="prezi_id=645c6191a159dc40eec81961d3a37dd3fa86f20f&lock_to_path=0&color=ffffff&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0"></embed></object>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-56758420519412916982011-10-25T10:50:00.000-07:002011-10-25T10:50:50.049-07:00Week 5 External Walls and Roof Systems Post-Lecture ResourcesToday, we looked at a number of different systems both for external wall and roof systems. The excellent series of videos from the <a href="http://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk/">Green Building Store</a> in the UK again provided an excellent comparative viewpoint using traditional construction methods.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/s2vNz7bK0aI?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/SHn9CGVndyY?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">The following 3D images of the external walls and roof details (developed by Gerard Nicholson) of the Denby Dale Passive House provide a nice summary.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/NiC6M54TWTQ?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><object width="320" height="266" class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://2.gvt0.com/vi/x3EED1_mVI4/0.jpg"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/x3EED1_mVI4&fs=1&source=uds" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /><embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/x3EED1_mVI4&fs=1&source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"></embed></object></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">We also had a look at alternative solutions such as<a href="http://www.brmca.org.uk/downloads/high_performance_buildings.pdf"> Insulated Concrete Formwork</a> and<a href="http://www.sip-energy.com/"> Structurally Insulated Panels (SIPs)</a> and what role they might play in the design and construction of a passive house. And just when you thought that <a href="http://www.ecologicalbuildingsystems.com/workspace/downloads/Irish-Construction-Industry-Magazine-March-2010.pdf">external insulation</a> was the solution to all your passive problems, Niall Crossan of <a href="http://www.ecologicalbuildingsystems.com/">Ecological Building Systems</a> highlights some issues to watch out for.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-28581576687994273542011-10-25T05:54:00.000-07:002011-11-04T14:44:05.894-07:00Week 5 Blog Assignment 1The first blog assignment will involve a critical review of an assigned paper in the area of Passive House Design and Construction. The following is the allocation:<br />
1. Henrick Kolberg <i> </i><br />
<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL&_cid=271089&_user=885356&_pii=S0378778807000990&_check=y&_origin=&_coverDate=31-Dec-2008&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlB-zSkWA&md5=1f5c716c65ae5290b78ec1ea3ee36076/1-s2.0-S0378778807000990-main.pdf"><i>A Case Study on the Effects of Thermal Mass and Climate Change</i></a><br />
<br />
2. Eimear Hassett <br />
<i><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL&_cid=271089&_user=885356&_pii=S0378778811002295&_check=y&_origin=&_coverDate=31-Oct-2011&view=c&wchp=dGLzVlk-zSkzV&md5=59e72ba0011914e95c42d32bbab694f2/1-s2.0-S0378778811002295-main.pdf">Traditional, State of the Art, and Future Thermal Building Insulation Materials</a></i><br />
<br />
3. Diarmuid O' Ceidigh<br />
<a href="http://www.aecb.net/PDFs/Impact_of_thermal_bypass.pdf"><i>Impact of Thermal Bypass</i></a><br />
<br />
4<i>. </i>Jan Gottsche <br />
<a href="http://stuff.mit.edu/afs/athena/dept/cron/project/concrete-sustainability-hub/Optimized%20ICF/Background%20Research/2009_Zhu.pdf"><i>Energy Saving Analysis on Thermal Mass Walls</i></a><br />
<br />
5. John Carroll <br />
<a href="http://www.passiv.de/07_eng/news/CEPHEUS_ECEEE.pdf"><i>CEPHEUS Measurement Report on 100 Houses</i></a><br />
<br />
6. Shay Walsh <i> </i><br />
<a href="http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2006/rx06019.pdf"><i>Achievable Concepts for Low Carbon Buildings</i></a><br />
<br />
7. Kevin Cunningham<br />
<a href="http://eec.ucdavis.edu/ACEEE/2010/data/papers/1925.pdf">Primary Energy Implication of Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation System</a><i><br />
</i><a href="http://eec.ucdavis.edu/ACEEE/2010/data/papers/1925.pdf"><br />
</a><br />
I will post the blog post brief and rubric on Moodle.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-64734747481167369862011-10-23T14:27:00.000-07:002011-10-23T14:27:30.330-07:00Week 5 External Walls and Roof Systems Pre-Lecture ResourcesThis week we will have a look at a number of different thermal envelope options available, concentrating on external wall and roof systems. I refer to again to Energy Quarter's excellent<a href="http://passivesite.blogspot.com/2011/10/week-3-passive-house-thermal-envelope.html"> video</a> on the thermal envelope that was in the pre-lecture resources for week 3. The Passive House Institute also provide some useful guidance on<a href="http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Passive_house_insulation.html"> thermal insulation</a> requirements on different systems. Below is a video from the RTE programme '<i>About the House</i>' hosted by Duncan Stewart, which highlights the use of recycled cellulose insulation in a timber frame house in Sligo.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/AP8YrtzxyMg?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">Duncan has featured<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_insulation"> recycled cellulose insulation</a> in a number of episodes.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/vfweiExiHrM?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">Another system used in passive house design and construction is external wall insulation. Here Duncan (again!) looks at external insulation in a refurbishment project.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/6c0HMBr6cHU?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-7355289572298763042011-10-18T05:50:00.000-07:002011-10-18T05:50:07.812-07:00Week 4 Foundation Systems Post-Lecture ResourcesIn today's class, we looked at a number of different systems available for foundations, rising walls and ground floors. Energyquarter.ie have produced an excellent video on this highlighting the importance of<a href="http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/as/cebe/projects/lowcarb4real/lc4r_des_bridging.pdf"> thermal bridge</a> free design.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/FLY8oKJHBsM?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> Some of the products mentioned by Tomas O'Leary to minimse thermal bridging included an aerated low U Value block e.g. <a href="http://www.quinn-lite.com/">Quinnlite block</a> (as used by <a href="http://www.viking-house.ie/quinnlite-passive-house.html">Viking Homes</a>). Another interesting element was for the<a href="http://www.asiepi.eu/fileadmin/files/WebEvents/WebEvent_4.2/ASIEPI_WP4_WebEvent2_05_Exemple_1_Isokorb_Novomur.pdf"> insulated cantilevered solution</a> for balcony construction. <a href="http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/energy-solutions/foamglas-my-new-favorite-insulation-material">Foamglass</a> was also introduced as a viable thermal break alternative to a standard block rising wall construction. We then looked at the Denby Dale project in the UK, which used traditional construction techniques to achieve the passive standard.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/82MkmvXbYgk?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">The 3D model was developed by Gerard Nicholson as part of an architectural competition we held in the Department of Building and Civil Engineering over the summer (2011).</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-60578253946575277072011-10-18T05:20:00.000-07:002011-10-18T05:20:48.613-07:00Week 4 Foundation Systems LectureFollowing on from today's class, please find the presentation in Prezi for your viewing pleasure!<br />
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<object id="prezi_8b46f701f934efee4d3cac13457b586a3e227da7" name="prezi_8b46f701f934efee4d3cac13457b586a3e227da7" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" width="550" height="400"><param name="movie" value="http://prezi.com/bin/preziloader.swf"/><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"/><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"/><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"/><param name="flashvars" value="prezi_id=8b46f701f934efee4d3cac13457b586a3e227da7&lock_to_path=0&color=ffffff&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0"/><embed id="preziEmbed_8b46f701f934efee4d3cac13457b586a3e227da7" name="preziEmbed_8b46f701f934efee4d3cac13457b586a3e227da7" src="http://prezi.com/bin/preziloader.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="550" height="400" bgcolor="#ffffff" flashvars="prezi_id=8b46f701f934efee4d3cac13457b586a3e227da7&lock_to_path=0&color=ffffff&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0"></embed></object>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-80799789945624192962011-10-15T09:19:00.000-07:002011-10-15T09:48:31.111-07:00Week 4 Foundation Systems Pre-Lecture ResourcesThis week we are going to have a look at the different foundation systems on offer for a passive house approach. Interestingly, the recent revision of the<a href="http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/DevelopmentandHousing/BuildingStandards/FileDownLoad,27316,en.pdf"> Part L 2011</a> for residential buildings has reduced the elemental u-values for ground floors as outlined in Table1.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><b>Table 1 Maximum elemental U-value (taken from Technical Guidance Document Part L 2011)</b></div><br />
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" /><b> </b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b> </b></div><div style="text-align: left;">Where the source of space heating is underfloor heating, then a U-value of 0.15W/m2K should be satisfactory (Section 1.3.2.2 from Part L 2011). From a thermal bridge viewpoint, Part L recommends referring to the <a href="http://www.environ.ie/en/TGD/"><i>Acceptable Construction Details</i></a> and the <a href="http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/DevelopmentandHousing/BuildingStandards/FileDownLoad,18749,en.pdf">guidance</a> on limiting thermal bridging and air infiltration provided by the<a href="http://www.environ.ie/en/"> Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government</a>. A number of companies have developed some innovative solutions to providing a foundation with little or no thermal bridging, good air-tightness and good overall energy performance. <a href="http://www.viking-house.ie/index.html">Viking House</a> and <a href="http://www.kore-system.com/">KORE</a> have developed the <a href="http://www.viking-house.ie/passive-house-foundations.html">passive slab</a> which can deliver a U-value of 0.08W/m2K. Passive House Builders have developed their own <a href="http://www.passivehousebuilder.com/passive-house-key-components.html">solution</a> (click into foundation to see detail) which has been successfully used on certified passive houses both in <a href="http://www.passivehousebuilder.com/athenry-passive-house.html">Athenry</a> and <a href="http://www.passivehousebuilder.com/oranmore-passive-house.html">Oranmore</a> in County Galway. <a href="http://www.aerobord.ie/">Aeroboard</a> also provide the <a href="http://www.aerobord.ie/component/content/article/1-news/28-supergrund.html">Supergrund system</a> for passive house construction.<br />
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We will have a look at these systems as well as a few others on offer this week in class. <br />
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</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-70720314223618808312011-10-11T05:29:00.000-07:002011-10-11T05:29:35.674-07:00The Launch of the PassiveHousePlans websiteCathal Spellman of<a href="http://www.spellman.ie/"> E. Spellman and Associates</a> has just launched their new <a href="http://www.passivehouseplans.ie/">website</a> dedicated to their bespoke passive house designs providing construction costs and proposed heating cost per annum.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-8133432060898159492011-10-11T03:33:00.000-07:002011-10-11T03:35:24.861-07:00Week 3 The Building Fabric Post Lecture ResourcesIn today's class, we looked at the importance of the area:volume ratio and compactness and how this has a considerable influence on the heating energy demand of buildings. The Building Research Establishment (BRE) have produced a useful <a href="http://www.passivhaus.org.uk/page.jsp?id=81">tool</a> to calculate your area:volume ratios. To supplement our class discussion on passive solar design principles the SEAI have produced a useful guide <a href="http://www.seai.ie/Renewables/Renewable_Energy_for_the_Homeowner/Solar_homes_catch_the_sun.pdf">Solar Homes Catch the Sun</a> and the Low Carbon Homes Programme in the UK have produced a guide on <a href="http://www.seai.ie/Archive1/Low_Carbon_Homes_Programme/Best_Practice_Guides/GIR027_Passive_solar_estate_layout_Feb_1997_.pdf">Passive Solar Estate Layouts</a>. The passipedia resource provides some more information on the <a href="http://passipedia.passiv.de/passipedia_en/planning/thermal_protection/integrated_thermal_protection">thermal insulation building fabric</a> and <a href="http://passipedia.passiv.de/passipedia_en/planning/airtight_construction">airtight layers </a>that are required in a passive house.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-73480105284183572302011-10-08T13:38:00.000-07:002011-10-08T13:38:42.833-07:00Week 3 Passive House Thermal Envelope Pre-Lecture ResourcesThis week, we will focus on appropriate thermal envelope design and construction options for a passive house. Passipedia, the excellent passive house wiki provides an overview of the important concept of <a href="http://passipedia.passiv.de/passipedia_en/planning/calculating_energy_efficiency/energy_balances_-_background">energy balance</a>.<br />
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Passive Development Ltd. provides a nice short overview presentation on the passive house principles in the following short video.<br />
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<a href="http://www.energyquarter.ie/home/">EnergyQuarter</a> and Tomas O'Leary have produced an excellent series of videos including this one on thermal envelope.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><object width="320" height="266" class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://2.gvt0.com/vi/4_VN_GnV4u4/0.jpg"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/4_VN_GnV4u4&fs=1&source=uds" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /><embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/4_VN_GnV4u4&fs=1&source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"></embed></object></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4094501762143158097.post-50201496936986240602011-10-04T05:37:00.000-07:002011-10-04T05:38:11.293-07:00Week 2 Principles of Passive HouseWeek 2 dealt with an introduction to the principles of Passive House and its design and energy requirements. This was done in parallel with a critical analysis of the recently revised Technical Guidance Document Part L 2011. The lecture below outlines the approach we took, where the students had to prepare a 'cheat sheet' for Part L, which will act as a summary sheet throughout the module.<br />
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We also decided to bring the 'inner architect' out of the students by starting the design process in sketching a ground floor and first floor plan for a two-storey house. The design and specification is totally up the student and this will act as a learning platform where we can critically analyse different options available in designing and constructing a passive house. Here are some examples of the initial sketches.<br />
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